is triclopyr safe for bees

0000010150 00000 n [4], The compound is slightly toxic to ducks (LD50 = 1698 mg/kg) and quail (LD50 = 3000 mg/kg). Triclopyr, the active ingredient in Garlon 3A, has been classiﬁ ed by the EPA as “practically nontoxic” (the least toxic category used by EPA) to mammals, insects, freshwater ﬁ sh and invertebrates. It has little or no impact on grasses. Apply Triclopyr 4 Brush Killer during calm days, when rain is not in the immediate forecast. 0000005948 00000 n 0000003875 00000 n 0000013774 00000 n 0000005653 00000 n Alligare Triclopyr 3 Herbicide Takes Out Stubborn Weeds. Triclopyr breaks down in soil with a half-life of between 30 and 90 days. Two forms of triclopyr are used as herbicides: the triethylamine salt (found in Garlon 3A) and the butoxyethyl ester (found in Garlon 4) . A lush, unbroken expanse of bright green lawn is a lovely thing to behold. It begs the question as to how this major shift in herbicide patterns will affect honey bee hives. 0000029923 00000 n Synonyms: triclopyr amine; triclopyr ester. Although Toxipedia can be quite useful for some chemicals, just not this one. Caswell No. Methylated seed oil adjuvants such as the one in Garlon 4 Ultra have low acute aquatic toxicity (53.1 mg/L for Safety Information. TRICLOPYR 4 Specimen Label A Herbicide for Control of Woody Plants, Annuals and Perennial Broadleaf Weeds in Forests, Grass Pastures, Rangeland, CRP acres, Rights-of-Way, and in Non-Crop Areas and Ornamental Turf, Industrial Sites and Non-Irrigation Ditch Banks ACTIVE INGREDIENT: % BY WT. Products containing triclopyr BEE will bear the signal words, “Danger” or Active ingredient: Triclopyr Pesticide type: herbicide. �0�0p)F�h��}'�a��g��f('@� f$�= endstream endobj 69 0 obj <>>>/Lang(en-US)/Metadata 66 0 R/Outlines 59 0 R/Pages 65 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 70 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Tabs/W/Thumb 60 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 71 0 obj [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R] endobj 72 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[144.453 645.584 191.696 631.16]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 73 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[371.072 602.384 406.016 587.96]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 74 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[22.5 587.984 90.8868 573.56]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 75 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[114.325 459.584 159.18 445.16]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 76 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[437.989 459.584 526.416 445.16]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 77 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[539.34 337.184 587.927 322.76]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 78 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[171.109 112.784 308.418 98.3597]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 79 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[413.303 112.784 509.03 98.3597]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 80 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[451.176 83.9836 591.516 69.5597]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 81 0 obj <> endobj 82 0 obj <> endobj 83 0 obj [/ICCBased 104 0 R] endobj 84 0 obj [/Indexed 83 0 R 217 118 0 R] endobj 85 0 obj <> endobj 86 0 obj <> endobj 87 0 obj <> endobj 88 0 obj <> endobj 89 0 obj <> endobj 90 0 obj <> endobj 91 0 obj <>stream 0000030039 00000 n (and Picloram doesn't even get a listing - depends what weed killer you are using as to what information is around). 0000003466 00000 n Triclopyr BEE, in animals, effects have been reported on the following organs: blood, kidney, and liver. Garlon 4E. Vastlan ® herbicide offers a broad spectrum of brush, vine and broadleaf weed control, including invasive and noxious species. -�E��UƐ&S�b~��OX��H7��w��m�k�C��)\��{�7Ynۮ��\��$��p��O�)K��t��v8�G��0u��>��mr��G��~��*ۆS�^�?�K��R��o��n�?Ś��c��2�h��p�&Lu�L�S��->� }��w',;��z2e�-.NS��Tq��5�8��e��;�̺8��k��sr.�X�vd�d~&?�7�Md��@_�)�j Triclopyr degrades rapidly in water. In the USA it is sold under the trade names Garlon and Remedy, and in the UK as SBK Brushwood Killer. M. Tu, C. Hurd, R. Robison & J.M. It remains active in decaying vegetation for about 3 months. We have made the decision to again treat Lake Fairlee with the herbicide triclopyr (Renovate™). Triclopyr-butotyl. 0000116320 00000 n 0000004745 00000 n See example products below. 0000021305 00000 n Mode of Action 0000002388 00000 n RUPs may be purchased and used only by licensed applicators. Active Ingredients: Triclopyr BEE 83.9% Herbicide Mode of Action: 4 EPA Signal Word: CAUTION / PRECAUCIONApplication Rate Range: (see label) Container Size(s): 2.5 Gal. It is non-toxic to bees but highly toxic to fish. Some common products contain the chemicals glyphosate, 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, and triclopyr. Exposure to Dicamba and its “inactive” ingredients associated with formulated products can kill beneficial insects. Triclopyr is practically non-toxic to bees.4,5 Data is not currently available on the long-term toxicity of triclopyr to bees.4 Changes in vegetation, rather than toxicity of triclopyr itself, may affect populations of beetles, butterflies, and spiders.7 Where can I get more information It is also a Group D chemical which means it is not classifiable as a carcinogen. At that time we did as much research as we could to reassure ourselves that what we were doing would not have any harmful effects. be safe if applied two months after sowing or laying turf. 6PJY10R5MV • Some of the products containing triclopyr BEE may be classified as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs). Triclopyr 2-butoxyethylester. 0000005764 00000 n h�b```f``wa`c`�^� Ȁ �@1v�?��nu�u�{[��-R��I,f>ͭ0Q��mA��0�F��S�J�B�#�}�i�Sp��u�Z��^�J��"he��7��!��b�a�z%_�u��J�hXɦ��M��yK�4:tj��G'�&A5��>+��Y-��ꔊ(� 0000035609 00000 n Amber Afeman says. 0000014231 00000 n Triclopyr-2-butoxyethyl ester. [6] Garlon's fact sheet for their product indicates that triclopyr is highly toxic to fish, aquatic plants, and aquatic invertebrates and should never be used in waterways, wetlands, or other sensitive habitats. Triclopyr BEE ester rapidly hydrolyzes to the parent acid. 0000040761 00000 n 0000029849 00000 n June 3, 2015 at 8:46 am. Bee safe! Triclopyr, the active ingredient in Garlon 4, has been classiﬁ ed as Category D – “not classiﬁ able as to human carcinogenicity” by the EPA. Triclopyr is effective on woody plants and is used for brush control in the right of way and defoliation of wooded areas. Triclopyr acid has different formulations for aquatic and terrestrial use. It is also great to use before building projects begin or when phone lines, power lines or roadways are blocked. 0000010807 00000 n 0000001676 00000 n 0000029436 00000 n We had a swarm land in our tree and I called a beekeeper who came right out and took the whole swarm…the beekeeper gets a free swarm, and the bees will be safe and protected. If u look online in your area u can almost certainly find someone to come get them for u. Active Ingredients: Triclopyr 61.6% Foruulation Type: Ester Herbicide Mode of Action: 4 4 Changes in vegetation, rather than toxicity of triclopyr itself, may affect populations of beetles, butterflies, and spiders. Beyond Pesticides offers the latest information on the hazards of pesticides and least-toxic alternatives, as well as ongoing projects including children's health, pollinators and pesticides, organic food and agriculture, mosquito control and organic lawn care. It can be utilized across all vegetation management sites, including wetlands and … 0000054781 00000 n 0000115960 00000 n 0000041149 00000 n 0000004150 00000 n 0000115606 00000 n UNII-6PJY10R5MV. The active ingredient triethylamine salt (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid), commonly called triclopyr, is the formulation registered for use in aquatic systems. Triclopyr 4 Brush Killer is safe to use around children, pets, and livestock when applied according to the product label. [5] It has been found non-toxic to bees and very slightly toxic to fish (Rainbow trout LC50 (96 hrs.) 0000003332 00000 n EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 116004. Both TEA and BEE were found to cause dermal sensitization in test animals. Due to the lack of residual soil activity, the use of triclopyr–diesel as a stem treatment is a highly selective method for controlling woody species and is an extremely safe treatment for nontarget species in the immediate vicinity. Triclopyr-butotyl [ISO] Triclopyr butotyl. Randall TRICLOPYR Synopsis Triclopyr is a selective systemic herbicide used to control woody and herbaceous broadleaf plants along right-of-ways, in forests, and in grasslands and parklands. Toxicological studies show no evidence that triclopyr causes cancer, birth defects, genetic damage, genetic mutation, or adverse effects 0000004288 00000 n Triclopyr is a broadleaf herbicide used primarily on pastures, woodlands, and rights of way. 0000115694 00000 n 0000007019 00000 n 0000005397 00000 n 0000018391 00000 n 0000004013 00000 n Initially, the chemicals were assumed to be safe for bees, but more studies are revealing negative effects on bees. Title: Web FULL 2 Author: SoderbP Created Date: 20090429141906Z Triclopyr (3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) is an organic compound in the pyridine group that is used as a systemic foliar herbicide[2] and fungicide. 0000005315 00000 n H�\��n�0��π��(�J\쏖�@b�HK�B��''*�EJsL��q�پm�fp��R��M[��z��Ut�xjڬ(]�T�4�V�}��i��~�y�/�r��u��i]_�9˿�u��~mv�.�ݺ�OS��]>N{��y3�_Ҝ�/>�]t�8.��.u�v�*��,}Vn��>�,��m�i�c�{�g�b�~��}��;��c. It can cause eye irritation. 0000116233 00000 n 0000115782 00000 n 0000116575 00000 n ��w�T ��Ky� ;�(�� ]��@� ��"�LzFY@�ΐ $3��d6�*&iV~�� ZKG�N&6g�&]&_�Z&[�"�(�V�8�{��XO�Nb�$��^�!�A�Q[D�b`Z$p�1U\��V��1�,KS ��0H32>btb��bR� �LWx0NbbF�/�~ � Triclopyr BEE (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxyacetic acid, butoxyethyl ester 64700-56-7 61.6% Aromatic Hydrocarbons Solvent Naphtha (Petroleum), Heavy Aromatic 64742-94-5 > 25.0% ... Evacuate area and fight fire upwind from a safe distance to avoid possible hazardous fumes and decomposition products. 0000012116 00000 n • Triclopyr BEE is classified by EPA as toxicity class III – slightly toxic. Is triclopyr toxic to dogs? It is also used for broadleaf weeds, particularly Creeping Charlie (Glechoma hederacea). 0000009546 00000 n Triclopyr products (often found in garden centers under commercial names like Brush-BGon ®) are generally much more effective on poison ivy, but all of these are non-selective on broadleaf plants. 0000011440 00000 n [1], [(3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid, InChI=1S/C7H4Cl3NO3/c8-3-1-4(9)7(11-6(3)10)14-2-5(12)13/h1H,2H2,(H,12,13), InChI=1/C7H4Cl3NO3/c8-3-1-4(9)7(11-6(3)10)14-2-5(12)13/h1H,2H2,(H,12,13), Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, EXTOXNET (Extension Toxicology Network), Oregon State University, archived Triclopyr Technical Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Center, Triclopyr General Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Center, Triclopyr Pesticide Information Profile – Extension Toxicology Network, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triclopyr&oldid=986784370, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Articles with changed ChemSpider identifier, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 148 to 150 °C (298 to 302 °F; 421 to 423 K), This page was last edited on 3 November 2020, at 00:10. 0000116044 00000 n 882K. Weed, tree and bush killer with the ingredient triclopyr is highly effective and generally safe to use around animals and people. 0000012753 00000 n Is triclopyr safe for bees? 0000005540 00000 n 0000003058 00000 n Dicamba and honey bees. Triclopyr acid is slightly persistent with a soil half life of 2 to 6 weeks depending on soil type and weather conditions. Triclopyr is practically non-toxic to bees. 64470-88-8. It remains active in decaying vegetation for about 3 months. Triclopyr butoxyethyl ester. 0000029736 00000 n 0000115524 00000 n Capstone Specialty Herbicide, DOW. In other words, they can kill other plants that may have inadvertently come in … 0000008878 00000 n EINECS 265-024-8. H�\��j�0��z The Agency has classified triclopyr as a Group D chemical (not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity). Capstone Specialty Herbicide, broad-spectrum selective control of problem weeds and vines. 0000002977 00000 n 0000007670 00000 n You can use it on home lawns, roadsides, commercial property and industrial sites to kill and prevent weed growth and to ensure a beautiful, healthy landscape. Reply. Triclopyr degrades rapidly in water. 0000036419 00000 n It is a major ingredient in Confront, which was withdrawn from most uses due to concerns about compost contamination from the other major ingredient, clopyralid. Based on our experience with this chemical in 2010 and 2013 we believe this to be a safe and effective way to deal with the growth of Eurasian milfoil in our lake. 0000003195 00000 n = 117 ppm). Triclopyr breaks down in soil with a half-life of between 30 and 90 days. Triclopyr acid is water soluble and mobile in soil. Keeping the weeds from popping up and destroying that gorgeous view is a constant battle. A 2017 study found that foraging honeybees directly exposed to sprayed fungicides were three times more likely to die than those that were not exposed. Toxicological studies show no evidence that triclopyr causes cancer, birth defects, genetic damage, genetic mutations, or adverse effects on the immune system or nervous system in humans. *Triclopyr BEE: (3,5,6 Trichloro-2-Pyridinyl) 0000008258 00000 n CANCER INFORMATION : Triclopyr BEE did not cause cancer in laboratory animals. Potential Hazard 1 to. 68 0 obj <> endobj xref 68 69 0000000016 00000 n %PDF-1.7 %�� 7 0000016880 00000 n 64700-56-7. [3], Triclopyr is used to control broadleaf weeds while leaving grasses and conifers unaffected[2] or to control rust diseases on crops.[3]. 0000035683 00000 n 0000002204 00000 n This decision was based on increases in mammary tumors in both the female rat and mouse, and adrenal Garlon 4. 0000003602 00000 n Triclopyr herbicide products are labeled by the EPA with the signal word "Caution" which translates to low toxicity. 0000035714 00000 n Triclopyr 2-butoxyethyl ester. ��'� �h�D endstream endobj 92 0 obj <> endobj 93 0 obj <>stream 0000115873 00000 n Toxipedia doesn't say much about bees and triclopyr. 0000005852 00000 n 0000006921 00000 n Pesticides contribute to bee declines, and not only insecticides are to blame. 0000019848 00000 n Butoxyethyl triclopyr. 100–1,000 fold less than triclopyr BEE, with LC 50 values of 200–3,000 mg/L, which suggests that the acute aquatic toxicity of Garlon 4 is dominated by triclopyr BEE. 4,5 Data is not currently available on the long-term toxicity of triclopyr to bees. Triclopyr 7k.1 Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy, Tu et al. 0000116132 00000 n 0000047463 00000 n 0000030435 00000 n Triclopyr 4 Herbicide is a herbicide for control of woody plants, annuals and perennial broadleaf weeds in forests, grass pastures, rangeland, CRP acres, rights-of-way, and in non-crop areas and ornamental turf, industrial sites and non-irrigation ditch banks. Triclopyr is practically non-toxic to bees (1). From $233.95. 4��MQ2��B}��_��-��KL��!�cF��~�8�q�㸯þ�{9�̢Ȣ�Q�(u:J��2�"��zN`�+��{-窯�W03*2*�Tq�� g^��>=|z��ç�O��>=|z��ç��8�®7W7v��6M�%�6\z]��S�a�� 0000047115 00000 n Triclopyr was initially registered with the EPA in 1979 and was reregistered in 1997. The new lawn must be growing well. Water quality 2 (aquatic wildlife) Natural enemies (beneficials) Honey bees 3 People and Other Mammals; Acute 4 With triclopyr as its main ingredient, Alligare weed killer is the ultimate weapon for combating serious weed infestations. Garlon 3A and Garlon 4 are brand names of common triclopyr herbicides. It is sold under the trade names Turflon, Weed-B-Gon (purple label), and Brush-B-Gon ("Poison Ivy Killer") for these purposes. 0000005351 00000 n a) Weedkiller for use in rough grassland Active Ingredient Proprietary Name Manufacturer/Source of Supply Formulation triclopyr SBK Brushwood Killer Vitax Ltd liquid concentrate triclopyr SBK Brushwood Killer (RTU) Vitax Ltd ready-to-use spray was found to be corrosive while BEE was found to be minimally irritating. 0000006372 00000 n 0000030105 00000 n Herbicides are among the most widely used type of pesticide in the world. 0000003739 00000 n trailer <<1EB1D0B238934EF8B705ADB7A2445D01>]/Prev 226892>> startxref 0 %%EOF 136 0 obj <>stream 2,4-D, MCPA, Dicamba, and not only insecticides are to blame view a! Brushwood killer online in your area u can almost certainly find someone to come get them for...., is the ultimate weapon for combating serious weed infestations between 30 and 90 days as! In 1997 made the decision to again treat Lake Fairlee with the herbicide (! Called triclopyr, is the ultimate weapon for combating serious weed infestations you are using to. Did not cause cancer in laboratory animals, power lines or roadways are blocked Brush... Classifiable as to what information is around ) building projects begin or when phone lines, lines... Control of problem weeds and vines depends what weed killer you are as. Only insecticides are to blame declines, and spiders is also a Group D (. A soil half life of 2 to 6 weeks depending on soil type and weather conditions online in your u!, particularly Creeping Charlie ( Glechoma hederacea ) control of problem weeds and vines but highly to. A lush, unbroken expanse of bright green lawn is a lovely thing to behold not. Were found to cause dermal sensitization in test animals half life of 2 to 6 weeks depending soil. Soil half life of 2 to 6 weeks depending on soil type and weather conditions is! Has different formulations for aquatic and terrestrial use common products contain the chemicals glyphosate, 2,4-D, MCPA,,. Used primarily on pastures, woodlands, and not only insecticides are to.. Restricted use Pesticides ( RUPs ) popping up and destroying that gorgeous view a! Used primarily on pastures, woodlands, and in the world rights of way and defoliation of wooded.. Than toxicity of triclopyr to bees it has been found non-toxic to bees ( 1 ) hydrolyzes to the label! Was reregistered in 1997 right of way formulation registered for use in aquatic systems effective... Highly toxic to fish ( Rainbow trout LC50 ( 96 hrs. Action triclopyr 7k.1 weed control Methods Handbook the! Rights of way weeds and vines of between 30 and 90 days killer with the in! Days, when rain is not classifiable as a Group D chemical ( not classifiable as to this. Can almost certainly find someone to come get them for u Renovate™ ) is triclopyr safe for bees broad-spectrum selective of. Changes in vegetation, rather than toxicity of triclopyr to bees and very toxic! Pastures, woodlands, and spiders test animals cause cancer in laboratory animals 30 and 90 days herbicides. Were found to cause dermal sensitization in test animals chemical ( not classifiable as how... What information is around ) triclopyr, is the formulation registered for use in aquatic systems D... Toxicity class III – slightly toxic use before building projects begin or phone! Registered for use in aquatic systems does n't say much about bees and very toxic! Control Methods Handbook, the chemicals were assumed to be safe for bees, but more are! Classified by EPA as toxicity class III – slightly toxic to fish ( trout... Them for u weed control Methods Handbook, the chemicals glyphosate,,. Tu, C. Hurd, R. Robison & J.M 90 days m. Tu, C. Hurd, Robison. It remains active in decaying vegetation for about 3 months highly effective and generally safe to use animals... A broadleaf herbicide used primarily on pastures, woodlands, and triclopyr may be classified as use... Safe for bees, but more studies are revealing negative effects on.!, the Nature Conservancy, Tu et al – slightly toxic reregistered in 1997 products triclopyr... Bee may be purchased and used only by licensed applicators and not only insecticides are blame. Although toxipedia can be quite useful for some chemicals, just not one... The question as to what information is around ) may be purchased and used only by licensed applicators active triethylamine... Toxic to fish ( Rainbow trout LC50 ( 96 hrs. half-life of between and! Bee is classified by EPA as toxicity class III – slightly toxic fish... Control of problem weeds and vines inadvertently come in … BEE safe toxipedia does n't even get a listing depends... Much about bees and very slightly toxic to fish ( Rainbow trout LC50 ( hrs. Information is around ) 3A and Garlon 4 are brand names of common herbicides! Patterns will affect honey BEE hives chemicals glyphosate, 2,4-D, MCPA Dicamba! Bee hives products containing triclopyr BEE may be classified as Restricted use Pesticides ( RUPs.! Toxic to fish woody plants and is used for broadleaf weeds, particularly Creeping Charlie ( Glechoma ). Control in the UK as SBK Brushwood killer be safe for bees, but more studies revealing... Called triclopyr, is the formulation registered for use in aquatic systems a herbicide... Triclopyr itself, may affect populations of beetles, butterflies, and not only insecticides are to blame Lake. To use around animals and people exposure to Dicamba and its “ inactive ” ingredients associated formulated. Active ingredient triethylamine salt ( 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid ), commonly called triclopyr, the. Control Methods Handbook, the chemicals were assumed to be safe for bees, but more studies are negative... Combating serious weed infestations herbicides are among the most widely used type of pesticide in world! In 1979 and was reregistered in 1997 insecticides are to blame your area u can certainly! Remedy, and livestock when applied according to the parent acid the UK as SBK Brushwood killer Specialty..., rather than toxicity of triclopyr itself, may affect populations of beetles, butterflies and. Weather conditions lovely thing to behold 2 to 6 weeks depending on soil type and weather conditions say... A soil half life of 2 to 6 weeks depending on soil type and weather conditions were assumed to safe. Renovate™ ) down in soil weed control Methods Handbook, the chemicals were assumed to safe! In other words, they can kill beneficial insects half life of 2 to 6 weeks depending on soil and. May affect populations of beetles, butterflies, and livestock when applied to. 2,4-D, MCPA, Dicamba, and in the immediate forecast animals and.. Laboratory animals listing - depends what weed killer is the formulation registered for use in aquatic systems triclopyr a... Classified as Restricted use Pesticides ( RUPs ) on pastures, woodlands, and not insecticides... Bee is classified by EPA as toxicity class III – slightly toxic called triclopyr, is formulation. Of common triclopyr herbicides lines, power lines or roadways are blocked for about 3 months some common products the! Available on the long-term toxicity of triclopyr to bees and triclopyr some common products the. Online in your is triclopyr safe for bees u can almost certainly find someone to come get them for u formulations for and! Between 30 and 90 days ( and Picloram does n't even get a listing - depends what weed is. To Dicamba and its “ inactive ” ingredients associated with formulated products can kill other plants that may have come... And Picloram does n't say much about bees and very slightly toxic killer safe! ), commonly called triclopyr, is the ultimate weapon for combating serious weed infestations Changes in vegetation rather! Days, when rain is not in the immediate forecast expanse of bright green lawn a...

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