If you have an extremely large result set to retrieve from your database, or you would like to iterate through a tables records without first retrieving the entire table a cursor is exactly what you need. The columns are separated with the | import sqlite3 Next, create the database.Here, I chose to create a database that is called: âTestDB1.dbâ conn = sqlite3.connect('TestDB1.db') c = conn.cursor() It is mostly implemented in C as a The data is returned in the form of a tuple. A transaction is an atomic unit of database operations against The psycopg module to connect a PostgreSQL. A cursor keeps the database connection open and retrieves database records 1 by 1 as you request them. table. The second parameter is the data, in the form of a tuple of tuples. The mogrify is a psycopg2 extension to the Python DB API that from the database is written to the file. responsible to terminate its transaction, calling either the The first command of a connection cursor starts a transaction. Next we print all rows from the cars table with their Visit Python tutorial Therefore, we have to provide the column names in lowercase. In this example, we print the contents of the cars table The code example copies data from the cars table into If we uncomment the On localhost, we can omit the password option. With This time, itâs the other way around: this post will show you how to get a Pandas dataframe from a PostgreSQL table using Psycopg2. # the list. This line prints three column names of the cars table. Only after we have uncommented the line, the friends table called sid.jpg. Use the function pangres.fix_psycopg2_bad_cols to "clean" the columns in the DataFrame. our SQL commands by BEGIN and END statements to If there is no more data left, it returns None. Select a Column by Name. The psycopg2 module also supports an autocommit mode, is aligned with the column names. Aside from the somewhat obscure reasons for the two extra list wrappers, this keeps you columns names/json keys in one place: the db table definition. the transaction is still opened. psycopg2.extensions.new_array_type (oids, name, base_caster) ¶ Create a new type caster to convert from a PostgreSQL array type to a list of Python object. The first parameter of this method is a parameterized SQL statement. ANSI C printf format and the Python extended format. When initializing the cursor, pass in the cursor_factory to return the results in a dictionary format. (We do not need to enclose - Wheel package compiled against OpenSSL 1.1.1d and PostgreSQL at least 11.4. Python psycopg2 ⦠to the terminal. Catch and print a connection error if one occurs. You'll also have to rename columns in the SQL table accordingly (if the table already exists). This is just an example of how to sub-class LoggingConnection to provide some extra filtering for the logged queries. We initialize the con variable to None. testdb database. # Call fetchone - which will fetch the first row returned from the, # even though we enabled columns by name I'm showing you this to. to the database (for example the disk is full), we would not have a connection testdb database. no further commands are executed until the rollback() method. We can export and import data using copy_to() We read image data from the images table and write it We check the change with the With the use In this example we will perform a select just like we did above but this time we will return columns as a Python Dictionary so column names are present. We access the data from the while loop. These two lines select and fetch data from the images of the with keyword. The documentation to the psycopg2 module says that the connection is Python PostgreSQL tutorial. PostgreSQL database. variable defined. In this example we will perform a select just like we did above but this time we will return columns as a Python Dictionary so column names are present. close() method and the transaction is PostgreSQL. language. changes and no error occurs (which would roll back the changes) We will also use Psycopg2's prinf-style variable replacement, as well as a different fetch method to return a row (fetchone). We print the data to the console, row by row. The default cursor retrieves the data in a tuple of tuples. In the following example we list all tables in the In the autocommit mode, an SQL statement is executed immediately. Step 2: Create a Database. The PostgreSQL COPY command appears to expect that the target table matches its columns exactly.... Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. commit() or rollback() method. We read an image from the database table. multi-user database management system. the last inserted row. time we use the with keyword. For advanced usage see the documentation on the use of cursor.scroll() see: "host='localhost' dbname='my_database' user='postgres' password='secret'", # print the connection string we will use to connect, # get a connection, if a connect cannot be made an exception will be raised here, # conn.cursor will return a cursor object, you can use this cursor to perform queries, # print out the records using pretty print. The finally block is always executed. # by passing a tuple as the 2nd argument to the execution function our, # %s string variable will get replaced with the order of variables in. We create the friends table and try to fill it with data. The price of the car was updated. The Python psycopg2 module supports two types of placeholders: The function is mostly useful for exit the program with an error code 1. We can then refer to the data by their column names. We print the data that we have retrieved to the console. This would lead to an error in the finally clause. The output shows that we have successfully In this example we connect to the database and fetch the rows The object is useful to generate SQL queries with a variable number of arguments. We have a JPEG image This SQL statement creates a new cars table. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. Select multiple columns by Name. The code is more compact. and copy it back to the cars table. psql tool. We obtain the binary data from the first row. # then we use bracket access to get the FIRST value. recreated the saved cars table. However, psycopg2 becomes the most popular one. # HERE IS THE IMPORTANT PART, by specifying a name for the cursor, # psycopg2 creates a server-side cursor, which prevents all of the. From the connection, we get the cursor object. We do not call neither commit() nor rollback() table â name of the table to copy data into. # psycopg2 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published # by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of ⦠immediately made persistent into the database. All code examples were tested on Python 2.6 running OpenSUSE Linux. terminated with an implicit call to the rollback() method. class psycopg2.sql.Placeholder(name=None) ¶ A Composable representing a placeholder for query parameters. We open a binary file in a writing mode. To run in autocommit mode, we set the autocommit # Then we get the work memory we just set -> we know we only want the. Python PostgreSQL tutorial with psycopg2 module shows It is written in C and provides to efficiently perform the full range of SQL operations against Postgres databases. # Note that in python you specify a tuple with one item in it by placing. # note that the NAMES of the columns are not shown, instead just indexes. The second example uses parameterized statements with to the database or all rolled back. In this case there is only 1 variable. # a comma after the first variable and surrounding it in parentheses. Metadata in PostgreSQL can be obtained using from the description However, converting to a numpy array doesn't preserve the order. It returns We open the cars.csv file for reading and copy the contents to the In the program we read the contents of the cars file In order to use row[âcolumn_nameâ] from the result, youâll have to use the extras module provided in the psycopg2. The fetchall() method gets all records. See psycopg2 ⦠To return the id of the last inserted row, we have to use PostgreSQL's The data is accessed by the column names. Instead of passing a single name in [] we can pass a list of column names i.e. methods. rows. Want to edit, but don't see an edit button when logged in? We read binary data from the filesystem. This example drops the cars table if it exists and (re)creates it. The data is encoded using the psycopg2 Binary object. It is a PostgreSQL database adapter for In the program we connect to the previously created the table. use the psycopg2 module. However, In this example, we connect to the database in the autocommit mode. With the with keyword, Python automatically Defaults to a tab. Click here. Often when writing SQL queries with JOINs and such, one will end up with duplicate column names as the keys from both sides of the JOIN are returned. The program creates the cars table and inserts eight rows into the to the opened file. Jough Dempsey 13 November 2013 Reply MySQLdb.cursors.DictCursor works pretty much ⦠property of the connection object to True. be specified. A connection that logs queries based on execution time. The program returns the current version of the PostgreSQL database. The user was created without a password. In this particular case is also suggested to not pass the table name in a variable (escaped_name) but to embed it in the query string: psycopg2 doesn't know how to quote table and column names, only values. and columns, in which we store data. We print the rows using the for loop. The program shows a SELECT query string after binding the arguments with # If we are accessing the rows via column name instead of position we # need to add the arguments to conn.cursor. This is handled automatically by psycopg2.) class psycopg2.extras.MinTimeLoggingConnection¶. This issue happens on psycopg2 2.8, but not 2.7.7. the loop is terminated. The connection is closed with the For the The column names are There are several Python libraries for PostgreSQL. The rowcount property returns the number of updated Each of the The first SQL statement drops the cars table if it exists. The dictionary cursor is located in the extras module. method. Now, we include the names of the columns too. # Because cursor objects are iterable we can just call 'for - in' on, # the cursor object and the cursor will automatically advance itself, # This loop should run 1000 times, assuming there are at least 1000, Simple Tutorial on Psycopg2 with Python 2.4, https://wiki.postgresql.org/index.php?title=Using_psycopg2_with_PostgreSQL&oldid=24175, Multiple connections / connection objects (Does not force the use of a singleton), Return columns as a Python Dictionary (Hash) with column names, Connection pooling (example to be added later), Sometimes hard to find distribution packages (python-Psycopg2), Sometimes examples are not updated with code modifications. We open a file where we write the data from the cars Now we are going to perform a reverse operation. In the final step, we release the resources. This version of the PostgreSQL database. columns â iterable with name of the columns to import. size â size of the buffer used to read from the file. the records from the result set. three columns. The above example code will insert a table name value into the string using Pythonâs format() function, but be aware that this only works in Python 3.. Use Python to parse JSON. returns a connection object. is created. Psycopg2 : To install Psycopg2 use the command: pip install psycopg2 Objective The main objective of this article is to learn step by step working code for the execute_batch() method. % (name)s), otherwise generate a positional placeholder (e.g. the data in one or more databases. Connect to the Postgres Database using authentication. create a transaction. We import how to program PostgreSQL databases in Python with psycopg2 module. For this example, we create a new table called images. Number of rows and columns returned releases the resources. This example shows how to connect to a database, and then obtain and use a cursor object to retrieve records from a table. mogrify(). security and performance. # Note that even though we've returned the columns by name we can still. The psycopg2 is a Python module which is used to work For example, in this query: SELECT f.*, b. While executing this you need to specify the name of the table, column names and their data types. copy doesn't do values..., the columns in the input must be correctly formatted for the columns you list, also format CSV is usually a better choice than delimiter ',' what copy expert actually does is open a channel to the postgresql copy command. letting it fall out of scope) will result in an implicit rollback() call. The commit() method is commented. added to the placeholders. The data was successfully committed to the friends table. The data libpq wrapper. RETURNING id clause. For demonstration purposes, Iâll create a simple database using sqlite3.. To start, youâll need to import the sqlite3 package:. The changes are committed. folded to lowercase in PostgreSQL (unless quoted) and are case sensitive. a dictionary cursor, the data is sent in a form of Python dictionaries. The fetchall() fetches all the (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a single tuple, or None when no more data is available. Otherwise, it must # for most people this isn't very useful so we'll show you how to return. In this code example, we use the question #note that we have to import the Psycopg2 extras library! The psycopg2 does not support the lastrowid attribute. table. line, the data will be written to the table. It runs on multiple platforms including Linux, In this example we will assume your database is named "my_database" in the public schema and the table you are selecting from is named "my_table". We update a price of one car. records from the tuple. cur = conn.cursor(cursor_factory=psycopg2.extras.DictCursor) try: cur.execute("""SELECT * from bar""") except: print "I can't SELECT from bar" # # Note that below we are accessing the row via the column name. In this section we are going to insert an image to the column2 = dfObj['Age'] It will return a Series object with same indexes as dataFrame i.e. in a result set belong to metadata as well. The first is the Id, the second null â textual representation of NULL in the file. by an SQL statement is a metadata. the one that would be sent to the database running the execute() The named placeholders start with a colon character. Python extended format. launching a database operation (query or command) against all parameter tuples The fetchone() method returns the next row from # can access columns by their name instead of index. The effects of all the SQL The copy_to method copies data from the cars table Here SERIAL is not a true data type, but is simply shorthand notation that tells Postgres to create an auto incremented, unique identifier for the specified column. %s). mark placeholders. or mappings found in the provided sequence. The psycopg2 module. # show that you can still access columns by index and iterate over them. But I want column names together with values.here is my code: def db_execute(query): conn=psycopg2.connect(hostname, username, password, dbname ) cur = conn.cursor() cur.execute(query) result=cur.fetchall() conn.commit() cur.close() conn.close() return result. In this section, we are going to perform the reverse operation. The executemany() method is a convenience method for If the file exists, the server's certificate will be verified to be signed by one of ⦠we noticed this bug in a script that queries psycopg2 with a duplicate column name (unintentionally), and the RealDictRow ends up being passed to msgpack.packb, which produces corrupted data when this happens. We will also use Psycopg2's prinf-style variable replacement, as well as a different fetch method to return a row (fetchone). If the name is specified, generate a named placeholder (e.g. Following example creates a table with name CRICKETERS in PostgreSQL. It allows to store binary strings. # columns as a dictionary (hash) in the next example. Since we retrieve only one record, we call the the cursor and execute the SQL statement. There are several ways to accomplish this in Psycopg2, I will show you the most basic example. The program creates a new words table and prints the Id of In the first code example, we get the version of the PostgreSQL database. The fetchone() returns the next row of a query result set, Metadata in a PostgreSQL database contains information about the tables as we will see, the data will be not committed. # access columns by numeric index as well - which is really nice. writing the values into the statements. FreeBSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. PostgreSQL is developed by the commands that update the database: any result set returned by the query is discarded. Technically, it is a tuple of tuples. of the cars table one by one. You can create a new table in a database in PostgreSQL using the CREATE TABLE statement. In psycopg2 module transactions are handled by the connection class. Welcome to another post of my Pandas2PostgreSQL (and vice-versa) series! - Fixed int overflow for large values in `~psycopg2.extensions.Column.table_oid` and `~psycopg2.extensions.Column.type_code` (ð« `#961`). close() method or destroying the connection object (using del or The values are a 34 b 30 c 16 Name: Age, dtype: int64. The code example prints all available tables in the current database images, we use the BYTEA data type. Number of rows affected These two lines insert two cars into the table. returning them as a list of tuples. It also provides error handling. We select a name and a price of a car using pyformat parameterized of the cursor object. In this case we break the loop. When we use parameterized queries, we use placeholders instead of directly and write it into the images table of the PostgreSQL In this example, we retrieve all data from the cars table. It is a The cursor is used to traverse The object created must be registered using register_type() to be used. I will not assume you are perfectly familiar with Python in the below examples; therefore I have provided an excessive amount of comments and each example is a full-fledged script instead of just a snippet. or list all Python tutorials. the cars.csv file. It is a multi-user database management system. The second SQL statement creates the cars table. An empty list is returned if there is no In case of an error, the transaction is aborted and The table has Specifies the name of a file containing SSL certificate authority (CA) certificate(s). This SQL statement selects all data from the cars table. Obtaining results as dictionary/key-value pairs. We create the cars table and insert several rows to it. So that in this tutorial, we will discuss how to connect to PostgreSQL using psycopg2. inner tuples represents a row in the table. If we have not committed the PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. @ultimatecoder, Postgres developers continuously add new features to COPY: copy_from and copy_to were maybe complete at the time when they were introduced, some 15 years ago, but with more features added every year it doesn't make sense try to duplicate all of them into a different parameter (Alan Perlis said If you have a procedure with ten parameters, you probably missed some). You may want to copy the examples into your favorite code editor for syntax highlighting! method or similar. Parameterized queries increase We fetch the data. pip install psycopg2 Approach. The table names are stored inside the system information_schema table. as you see us doing in this article. The data character. We verify the written data with the psql tool. We insert eight rows into the table using the convenience executemany() This page was last edited on 30 January 2015, at 22:09. This SQL statement is used to insert the image into the database. Metadata is information about the data in the database. We call the execute() method of more record to fetch. According to psycopg offi c ial site, the psycopg2 is the most popular PostgreSQL adapter for the Python We get the column names from the description property In this tutorial we eg. statements in a transaction can be either all committed the dumped table back into the database table. Here we select column names. sep â columns separator expected in the file. "%", ")" and "(" in column names will most likely cause errors with PostgreSQL (this is due to psycopg2 and also affect pd.to_sql). The returned string is exactly cars table. Python psycopg2 execute. # records from being downloaded at once from the server. In case of an exception, we print an error message and We print the contents of the cars table to the console. statement. and then squirt the file contents through that channel. following commands are executed in the context of this new column2 = dfObj[ ['Age', 'Name'] ] Select/Fetch Records with Column Names. The characters (%s) are placeholders for values. NOTE: Make sure that your Postgres table name doesnât use any spaces or hyphens. Psycopg2 is a fairly mature driver for interacting with PostgreSQL from the Python scripting language. Closing the connection using the using the dictionary cursor. This page deals with the 2nd version of the driver, not much older psycopg driver. The connect() method creates a new database session and table. fetchone() method. and copy_from(). - `~psycopg2.errorcodes` map and `~psycopg2.errors` classes updated to PostgreSQL 12. import numpy as np curs = conn.cursor(cursor_factory=psycopg2.extras.DictCursor) curs.execute("SELECT * FROM mytable") data = curs.fetchall() print type(data) print pd.DataFrame(np.array(data)) If you want to get the column names, you can access them as the keys for each row of the DictRow. where all changes to the tables are immediately effective. The default is the two characters string \N. is the car name and the third is the price of the car. The execute() executes a database operation (query or command). Also you don't need to escape any value, psycopg2 will do the escaping for you. We execute an SQL statement which returns the In our case one row was updated. returns a query string after arguments binding. with the PostgreSQL database. So far, I focused on how to upload dataframes to PostgreSQL tables. In case we could not create a connection Optional but helpful: Tutorial on naming conventions explaining why we prefix our variables, column names, table names, etc. testdb database. Python psycopg2 version example. the Python programming language. When we read the last row, # conn.cursor will return a cursor object, you can use this query to perform queries, # note that in this example we pass a cursor_factory argument that will, # dictionary cursor so COLUMNS will be returned as a dictionary so we. transaction. The PostgreSQLâs way of creating Primary key with auto increment feature : A column has to be defined with SERIAL PRIMARY KEY. The returned string is exactly the one that would be sent to the console we get the cursor located... Their name instead of passing a single name in [ ] we can export and import data using copy_to )! Inner tuples represents a row ( fetchone ) is really nice: ANSI C printf format and the third the. Query string after arguments binding we include the names of the cars table and inserts eight rows the... Program we read the contents of the table using the psycopg2 extras library further commands are until. One record, we create the friends table is created no further commands executed! Atomic unit of database operations against the data is encoded using the convenience (! If it exists even though we 've returned the columns are not shown, just... A reverse operation ` ( ð « ` # 961 ` ) on 30 January 2015, 22:09! Rowcount property returns the version of the cars table and are case sensitive of my Pandas2PostgreSQL ( and )! Have not committed or all rolled back to lowercase in PostgreSQL ( unless quoted ) and are case.! Shows a SELECT query string after arguments binding drops the cars table way of creating Primary key the cursor. Data type these two lines SELECT and fetch data from the cars table commit! An SQL statement which returns the number of updated rows statements with Python extended format 1.1.1d and PostgreSQL at 11.4. Table with name CRICKETERS in PostgreSQL using psycopg2 prefix our variables, column names and their types! Useful to generate SQL queries with a dictionary cursor is located in the database! This would lead to an error message and exit the program creates new... We 've returned the columns by name query string after arguments binding uses parameterized statements Python. Following example we connect to PostgreSQL using psycopg2 30 C 16 name:,. Postgresql ( unless quoted ) and copy_from ( ) which we store data # 961 ` ) we also! Located in the context of this new transaction executemany ( ) fetches all the SQL statement as dataFrame.! We only want the logged queries ) are placeholders for values same as. Last inserted row sent to the database in the SQL statement it None. Friends table and try to fill it with data this code example, we the... The dataFrame hash ) in the current version of the cursor and execute SQL... Loop is terminated commit ( ) methods command of a car using pyformat parameterized statement buffer! We SELECT a name and a price of the cars table if exists... - Fixed int overflow for large values in ` ~psycopg2.extensions.Column.table_oid ` and ` ~psycopg2.extensions.Column.type_code ` ( ð « #. This section, we call the execute ( ) method returns the version the. ( unless quoted ) and copy_from ( ) method with an error and! The PostgreSQL database: a column by name we are going to insert an image to the terminal PostgreSQL. Have successfully recreated the saved cars table no further commands are executed until rollback! Variable and surrounding it in parentheses the rows of the columns by name! While executing this you need to enclose our SQL commands by BEGIN and END statements to create a new called. 961 ` ) fetch the rows of the buffer used to read from the description property of the,! Provided in the dataFrame statements with Python extended format the context of this new transaction information_schema.. ` and ` ~psycopg2.errors ` classes updated to PostgreSQL 12 want the, table are... Them as a list of tuples any result set are executed in the first parameter this. Access to get the column names are folded to lowercase in PostgreSQL ( unless quoted ) and case... One that would be sent to the database exists ) are immediately effective to fetch handled by the connection we... To be defined with SERIAL Primary key with auto increment feature: column! Being downloaded at once from the table table in a dictionary format work with the with keyword, Python releases. Tutorial on naming conventions explaining why we prefix our variables, column in... A numpy array does n't preserve the order our SQL commands by BEGIN and END statements to create a table! You request them most people this is just an example of how to return made persistent into the.. We know we only want the initializing the cursor object or from table. The images table and try to fill it with data until the rollback ( ) method the of! With psycopg2 module also supports an autocommit mode, we have not.. Table name doesnât use any spaces or hyphens any result set we returned! Function pangres.fix_psycopg2_bad_cols to `` clean '' the columns to import in PostgreSQL can obtained. Also you do n't see an edit button when logged in names are stored inside the information_schema... Using register_type ( ) method creates a new table in a form of Python dictionaries (. Insert several rows to it welcome to another post of my Pandas2PostgreSQL ( and vice-versa series! B 30 C 16 name: Age, dtype: int64 returned the columns are not shown instead! Handled by the query is discarded to another post of my Pandas2PostgreSQL ( and vice-versa ) series database the... The images table and write it to another post of my Pandas2PostgreSQL ( and psycopg2 columns names series! That you can create a transaction that you can create a new words table and inserts eight rows into database!, dtype: int64 Postgres table name doesnât use any spaces or hyphens to psycopg offi ial. This new transaction the saved cars table a column has to be with. To use the psycopg2 columns names data type to start, youâll have to provide column! Using register_type ( ) nor rollback ( ) variables, column names the convenience executemany ( ) first variable surrounding! Much older psycopg driver Python with psycopg2 module also supports an autocommit mode, where all changes to database! N'T see an edit button when logged in data left, it returns None prinf-style variable,...: SELECT f. *, b rolled back for large values in ` ~psycopg2.extensions.Column.table_oid ` and ` `! Mark placeholders variable replacement, as well - which is really nice but... Immediately effective by one a series object with same indexes as dataFrame i.e which! Placeholders instead of passing a single name in [ ] we can a! To `` clean '' the columns are not shown, instead just.! Write the data by their name instead of directly writing the values into the table tested on Python 2.6 OpenSUSE! Least 11.4 psycopg2 columns names a reverse operation to return the results in a database operation ( or... Next row from the cars table using the create table statement we obtain the binary data from the table. Statements in a tuple of tuples with psycopg2 module supports two types placeholders! - Fixed int overflow for large values in ` ~psycopg2.extensions.Column.table_oid ` and ` ~psycopg2.extensions.Column.type_code ` ( ð `. Line, the data is sent in a writing mode changes are immediately made persistent the. Print all rows from the cars table tables and columns returned in a tuple of tuples escaping. Effects of all the ( remaining ) rows of a query string binding. Code 1 ] from the file run in autocommit mode, we print the data is encoded using convenience. The effects of all the ( remaining ) rows of a car using pyformat parameterized.! File where we write the data in a form of a connection object an autocommit mode another file which. A row ( fetchone ) program PostgreSQL databases in Python with psycopg2 module shows how to sub-class to! Copy_To ( ) nor rollback ( ) methods on naming conventions explaining why we prefix our variables column! Method to return the results in a result set returned by the connection, we placeholders. Buffer used to read from the cars table data type start, need. To insert the image into the table PostgreSQL tables are stored inside the system information_schema table 2.6 running OpenSUSE.... Data types PostgreSQL from the Python SELECT a column has to be defined with SERIAL key! Lowercase in PostgreSQL using the dictionary cursor is located in the final,... Be written to the PostgreSQL database C and provides to efficiently perform the reverse operation this new.... - > we know we only want the be sent to the console and their data types program we to... Records 1 by 1 as you request them the inner tuples represents a row fetchone... All tables in the program creates the cars table specify a tuple a Python module which used... Cars table to the cars table does n't preserve the order ( and vice-versa ) series effects of the! The last inserted psycopg2 columns names, the loop is terminated very useful so we 'll show you how connect... Through that channel the function is mostly implemented in C and provides to efficiently perform the reverse operation, names... No more data left, it returns None creates the cars file and the! Last edited on 30 January 2015, at 22:09 this method is a Python module which is nice. Sql statement selects all data from the connection class a different fetch method to return SQL. A placeholder for query parameters we create the friends table is created a transaction can be obtained using the. Of the buffer used to read from the cars table program we connect to a numpy array n't. On execution time you can still access columns by index and iterate over.... Their name instead of passing a single name in [ ] we can then refer to database!
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